Bartram, D. J. (1974). The role of visual and semantic codes in object naming. Cognitive Psychology, 6, 325-356.

Three expriments investigated the effects of familiarity, practice, and stimulus variablility on naming latencies for photopgraphs of objects. Latencies for pictures of objects having the same name decreased most with practice when the same picture was always used to represent a given object (Conditions Ps-Ns), less if different views of the same object were used (conditions Pv-Ns), and least if pictures of different objects having the same name were used (Conditions Pd-Ns). In all cases, however, the effect of practice was signifiant. The savings in naming latency associated with practice on Conditions Ps-Ns and Pv-Ns showed almost no transfer to Condition Pd-Ns, even though the same responses were being given before and after transfer. However, practice on Condition Ps-Ns transferred completely ton Condition Pv-Ns. Name frequency affected latency in all conditions. The frequency effect decreased slightly with practice. These results are related to several alternative models of the coding processes involved in naming objects. It is concluded that at least three types of representation may be necessary : visual codes, nonverbal semantic codes, and name codes. A distinction is made between visual codes thats characterize two-dimensional stimuli and those that characterize three-dimensional objects.