Berry, F. M. & Jones, Q. R. (1973). Stimulus encoding in paired-associate learning by illiterate children: A methodological demonstration of a picture-redundancy paradigm. Journal of General Psychology, 88, 55-63.

A picture-redundancy task was introduced for measuring stimulus encoding strategies used by illiterate subjects during redundant-stimulus PA learning. A prototype experiment was executed with black preschool children serving as the illiterate subject population. The results of the protypic experiment suggested that the young illiterate children employed both two-cue and single-cue processing strategies. It was conclued that the picture-redundancy task should prove useful for further investigations of stimulus encoding among illeterate subject population.