Ehri, L. C. (1976). Do words really interfere in naming pictures? Child Development, 47, 502-505.

Children and adult readers were asked to label 2 sets of pictures, 1 drawn with either correct word labels or discrepant labels, and the other with no labels (control condition). Results supported previous conclusions that discrepant words interfere with picture-naming speed and congruent words enhance speed. Interference was evident in all subjects except a group of below-average second-grade readers, apparently because it took them as long to recognize the words as to name the pictures.