Hawkins, M. L. (1978). Pictorial bias in elementary social studies textbooks. The Negro Educational Review, 29, 220-224.

(Conclusions.) It may be that this study raised more questions than it attempted to answer. However, based on the foregoing findings, the followings conclusions seem warranted:

1. There are general but not specific recommendations of minimum proportions of race or sex representation in textbooks in the general or research literature.
2. Elementary social studies texts are predominantly white with only small representation of American minority groups in photographs. However, all series have some representation of non-white groups. A number of the text series exceed the actual proportions found in population statistics.
3. Elementary texts are predominantly male with greatly smaller pictorial representation of females than seems appropriate.