Bellezza, F. S. (1983). Mnemonic-device instruction with adults (p. 51-73). In M. Pressley & J. R. Levin (Eds.), Cognitive Strategy Research: Psychological Foundations. New York: Springer.

"In this chapter a mnemonic technique or a mnemonic device is considered to be a particular procedure that an individual can use to memorize a particular set of materials under a specific set of conditions. This memorization takes place by creating a cognitive representation of that material in memory. In some instances the experimenter instructs the person in the use of the technique; tells him or her when to use it; or provides memory aids, such as pictures." (p. 53)

"Visual-imagery mediation is a process that seems to be basic to the operation of traditional mnemonic devices (Bellezza, 1981; Paivio, 1971; 1983). When two words are associated or related by the use of visual-imagery mediation, a visual image or mental picture is formed of familiar objects interacting in some way. These images represent the referents or high associates of the words. Later, when the image is recalled, perhaps after being cued by one of the words, the image can be decoded into the original verbal information. When subjects form visual images, they «chunk», or unitize, the presented words into a single pictorial representation. Simply forming two separate images of words will not result in the words' becoming associated (Bower, 1972)." (p. 54)

"The method of loci has been found to be a very effective list-learning mnemonic (Ross & Lawrence, 1968). Before using the method of loci the learner must first memorize the visual images of a sequence of places, such as a series of rooms in a building. Later, when a list of words is to be memorized, a visual image is formed of each list word in one of the locations in the building. When the words are to be recalled, each successive location is visualized and the object that was mentally placed there earlier is «seen» and recalled. The same loci can be used over and over again for different lists of words. The most recent list is easily recalled, but earlier lists learned with the same loci are much less retrievable (Bower & Reitman, 1972)." (p. 56)

"The keyword mnemonic is a way of associating a familiar verbal response with a new, often complex, verbal stimulus. This association is formed in two steps made up of a phonetic link and an imagery link (Atkinson, 1975)." (p. 57)

"A recurring question in memory research concerns the difference between presenting pictures as memory aids versus instructing the learner to create a mental picture from the verbal material presented. Related questions arise as to what procedure is better in light of the type of material and the nature of the subjects (Levin, 1981a; Rohwer, 1970)." (p. 65)