Kulhavy, R. W., Stock, W. A. & Kealy W. A. (1993). How geographic maps increase recall of instructional text. Educational Technology Research & Development, 41(4), 47-62.

This article reviews research on how geographic maps influence the recall of associated text. Drawing on literature from cartography and educational, experimental, and cognitive psychology, the authors describe a model of map-text learning based on dual-coding theory and focused on activities that take place during working memory operations. The instructional implications of the model are explored, and recommendations for instructional applications are given.