Levin, J. R. (1983). Pictorial strategies for school learning: Practical illustrations. In: M. Pressley & J. R. Levin (Eds.), Cognitive Strategy Research: Educational Applications, 213 - 237.

«Table 8-1 Basic assumptions and corollaries:

1. Pictures can substantially improve students' learning of school content.

1a. Pictures should be used as school learning aids.

2. The degree of picture facilitation expected depends on the relationship between the particular learning task and the kind of pictures provided (or generated).

2a. Pictures that are directly related to the task content and component processes will be more effective than those that are not.

2b. Pictures that transform task content into a more meaningfully coded form will be more effective than those that do not.

3. Picture effects can be expected to vary as a function of relevant student characteristics.» (p. 214)